this, that – these, those

When do we use the this and that – these/those?

We use:

• this and that in the singular,
• these and those in the Plural.

Generally speaking, we use this/these to refer to people and things, situations and experiences that are close to the speaker or very close in time. We use that/those to refer to people and things, situations and experiences that are more distant, either in time or physically.

• This is a great game.
• That was a great game. (The game is over.)

The demonstrative determiner and the demonstrative pronoun

demonstrative determiner (together with a noun): 

+ This book is new.

demonstrative pronoun (stand on its own): 

+ This is a new book.

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Present perfect

Present perfect:

  The use:
            It used with finished activities or an action happened at unspecified time before now.  The exact time isn't important.
 
   The form:
             (I/plural) + Have + P.P (past participle).
✓ I have just met Ahmed.
             ( Singular) + Has + P.P.
✓ Alice has already studied chapter one.

   Negative form:
             (I / plural) + Haven't + P.P.
✓ I haven't eaten yet.
             ( Singular) + Hasn't + P.P.
✓ It hasn't rained lately.

  Question form:
             Have + (I/ Plural) + P.P?
✓ Have you ever seen a ghost?
             Has + (Singular) + P.P?
✓ Has he found a new job yet?

   Time adverbials:
             √ Already. √ Yet.  √ Ever.   √ Never.
             √ How long.  √ So far.  √ Just.
             √ Since.   √ at last.  √ Recently.
             √ Lately.   √ Still.  √ For long time...

    EXEMPLES:
       • She has gone.
       • I have lost my keys.
       • Alice has already made the tea.
       • I have broken tow cups since the morning.

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Hope and wish

HOPE:

Is used to speak about something possibleoor likely to happen.

Examples:

   ▪ I hope my father gives me some money.
   ▪ I hope my teacher explains the lesson well.
   ▪  He hope his dad forgive him.
>Hope for present time.
   ▪ I hope he listened to my advice .
   ▪ I hope he found the restaurant.
   ▪ I hope John  passed his test .
>hope for past .

WISH:

is used to speak about something impossible or something we would like to be different than the way it is. 

We do know the facts and they are the opposite  of what we want . 

Examples:

   ▪ I  wish I ate more vegetable.
   ▪ I  wish every body were happy.
>Wish + Simple past .
   ▪ I  wish my teacher would give me 20/20.
   ▪ I wish my friend would stay with me forever .
>Wish + Would ...
   ▪ Sam wishes he had learned to drive early.
   ▪ I wish I had studied for the exam.
>Wish + Past perfect.

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Present continuous tense

PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE:

1.   The use:
    ● a/ to express an action that is going on at the time of speaking.

 I am writing a letter.
She is studying.
           ● b/ As substitute for the immediate future.
She is leaving this place tomorrow.
My father is coming back this Friday.
           ● c/ Used with today, this week, this year, tonight, now , right now, at the moment...
He is working hard today.
The company I work for isn't doing so well this year.

1.  Difference between present simple & Present continuous tense.
   ● simple present is used for things in general or things that happen regularly.

 I surf the net every evening.
I always go to school.

          ● simple present is used for permanent situations.
He lives in New York.
    
           ● Present continuous is used for things happening at or around time of speaking. 
I am getting hungry let's go and eat.

            ● Present continuous is used for temporary situations . 
I am staying at my cousin's house this day, until I find a place of my own.  

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Modal Verbs

Modal Verbs:

1. Must:

• Function: obligation/Certainty
• Examples: 

     - You must quite smoking.
     - Adrian must be crazy he does strange  things.
  2. Mustn't:

• Function: Prohibition.
• Example:

      - You mustn't cheat in exams.
 3. Can:

• Function: Ability.
• Example:

      - Mathieu can speak Spanish.
 4. Can't:

• Function: 

      - Impossibility: Jorge can't be awash now.
      - Inability: Sara can't speak Japanese.
      - Permission: Can I go out please?
      - Request: Can you close the window, please!
  5. May:

• Function:

      - Probability: Alita may travel next week.
      - Permission: May I go out, please?
  6. Should:

• Function:

     - Necessity: We have an exam tomorrow, so we should revise for it.
     - Advice: You should quite smoking.

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Making complaint

DIALOGUE:

• Mr Cameron: Excuse me sir! I'm sorry to say it, we ordered an hour ago but nothing so far. 

• Manager: I can't tell you how sorry I am, this will never happen again. 

• Cameron's wife: What a mess, you never tell me about coming here again.

 COMPLAINING:

• Sorry, I have a serious complaint.
• Sorry, I must complaint about....
• I am afraid to say it, but...
• Sorry to bother you, but...
• I just don't know how to say it, but...
• Excuse me, but there is a problem about...
• I am afraid there is a slight problem with...
• I am angry about...

 ACCEPTING:

• Oh! I'm sorry about that. 
• Oh ! dear, I am really sorry. 
• I can't tell you how sorry I am. 
• I beg your pardon, I will fix it. 
• Sorry, that wasn't done on purpose. 
• Sorry, I didn't mean it.

 REFUSING:

• Sorry, but there is nothing we can do about it. 
• Sorry, that's not my fault. 
• Sorry, your complaint is not acceptable.

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Expressing opinion

A. Asking for opinion:

• Do you think that....?
• What's your opinion about....?
• What's your point of view?
• Can I have your personal opinion...?
• What's you say concerning.....?
• How do you feel about.....?
• What's your take on.....?
• If I asked for your opinion, what would you say?

B. Giving opinion:

• In my opinion....
• In my point of view....
• It seems to me that.....
• I think that.....
• As far as I'm concerned....
• The way I see it is....
• Personally speaking, I think that....
• I take the view that....
• According to me....
• For me/ to my mind....
• As I see it....

Examples:
As far as I'm concerned, technology is a double-edged sword.

C. Agreeing:

• I think you're right.
• I share the same #opinion. 
• I can't agree more. 
• I support your opinion. 
• That's exactly what I think. 
• I agree.
• You are absolutely right. 
• I see what you're getting at. 

D. Disagreeing:

• I disagree.
• I don't agree. 
• I don't share the same opinion. 
• I can't agree. 
• I don't think so.
• I wish I could agree, but...
• I'm afraid. I can't agree with you. 
• I think you're wrong. 
• I am not sure I agree with you. 

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