Modal Verbs

Modal Verbs:

1. Must:

• Function: obligation/Certainty
• Examples: 

     - You must quite smoking.
     - Adrian must be crazy he does strange  things.
  2. Mustn't:

• Function: Prohibition.
• Example:

      - You mustn't cheat in exams.
 3. Can:

• Function: Ability.
• Example:

      - Mathieu can speak Spanish.
 4. Can't:

• Function: 

      - Impossibility: Jorge can't be awash now.
      - Inability: Sara can't speak Japanese.
      - Permission: Can I go out please?
      - Request: Can you close the window, please!
  5. May:

• Function:

      - Probability: Alita may travel next week.
      - Permission: May I go out, please?
  6. Should:

• Function:

     - Necessity: We have an exam tomorrow, so we should revise for it.
     - Advice: You should quite smoking.

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Making complaint

DIALOGUE:

• Mr Cameron: Excuse me sir! I'm sorry to say it, we ordered an hour ago but nothing so far. 

• Manager: I can't tell you how sorry I am, this will never happen again. 

• Cameron's wife: What a mess, you never tell me about coming here again.

 COMPLAINING:

• Sorry, I have a serious complaint.
• Sorry, I must complaint about....
• I am afraid to say it, but...
• Sorry to bother you, but...
• I just don't know how to say it, but...
• Excuse me, but there is a problem about...
• I am afraid there is a slight problem with...
• I am angry about...

 ACCEPTING:

• Oh! I'm sorry about that. 
• Oh ! dear, I am really sorry. 
• I can't tell you how sorry I am. 
• I beg your pardon, I will fix it. 
• Sorry, that wasn't done on purpose. 
• Sorry, I didn't mean it.

 REFUSING:

• Sorry, but there is nothing we can do about it. 
• Sorry, that's not my fault. 
• Sorry, your complaint is not acceptable.

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Expressing opinion

A. Asking for opinion:

• Do you think that....?
• What's your opinion about....?
• What's your point of view?
• Can I have your personal opinion...?
• What's you say concerning.....?
• How do you feel about.....?
• What's your take on.....?
• If I asked for your opinion, what would you say?

B. Giving opinion:

• In my opinion....
• In my point of view....
• It seems to me that.....
• I think that.....
• As far as I'm concerned....
• The way I see it is....
• Personally speaking, I think that....
• I take the view that....
• According to me....
• For me/ to my mind....
• As I see it....

Examples:
As far as I'm concerned, technology is a double-edged sword.

C. Agreeing:

• I think you're right.
• I share the same #opinion. 
• I can't agree more. 
• I support your opinion. 
• That's exactly what I think. 
• I agree.
• You are absolutely right. 
• I see what you're getting at. 

D. Disagreeing:

• I disagree.
• I don't agree. 
• I don't share the same opinion. 
• I can't agree. 
• I don't think so.
• I wish I could agree, but...
• I'm afraid. I can't agree with you. 
• I think you're wrong. 
• I am not sure I agree with you. 

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ARTICLE

A. Indefinite article:
    A:
          Is used with words that start with a consonant.
Examples:
    A boy.      A pen.     A teacher.
          Is used with countable and singular nouns.
Examples:
    A table.    A student.
           Is used when the person or thing is undefined and unspecific.
     An:
            Is used with words that start with a vowel (a-e-i-o-u).
Examples:
      An orange .    An actor.     An engineer.
             Is used only with countable and singular nouns.
             Is used when the person or thing is undefined and unspecific .
B. Definite article. 
     The:
            Is used with both singular and plural nouns .
Examples:
       The boy.         The boys .
             Is used with both words that start with a consonant and those that start with a vowel.
Examples:
      The orange.           The student.
            "The" is a definite article used when the thing or the person is defined and specific.

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PAST PERFECT SIMPLE

Past Perfect Simple:
  Is a verb tense used to talk about action that were completed before some other action is the past.
The past perfect simple is formed with:
Affirmative: Subj+had+past participle.
Negative: Subj+had+not+past participle.
Question: Had+Subj+past participle.
The use:
 We use the past perfect simple when we have tow actions in the past, one happened before the other, the first action is in the past perfect and the second is in the simple past.
Examples:
2) Imagine you are late for work on the day of an important meeting:
 - The meeting started at 8:00
 - You arrived at 8:15.

2) I had studied English for several years before I traveled to the U.S

3) I hadn’t studied English before I traveled to the U.S.

4) Had you studied English before you traveled to the U.S.?

Signal Words for the Past Perfect:

by the time + simple past.

→ By the time we arrived at the airport, our flight had left.

when.

 → When we arrived at the airport, our flight had left.

before + simple past.

→ Before we arrived at the airport, our flight had left.

after + past perfect → We arrived at the airport after our flight had left.

already )past perfect( → When we arrived at the airport, our flight had already left.

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EXPRESSING LACK OF UNDERSTANDING

1. DIALOGUES:

lisa: You know what? I have a serious problem in communicating with German people.
Jonathan: Sorry, I don't quite follow you. Could you more explicit please ?
Lisa: Let me explain more, I come from Morocco and I can't speak German, I also can't understand some German cultural aspects.
Jonathan: Well I would advise you to enrol in a German language center.
Lisa: Thanks a lot for your help.

2. EXPRESSING LACK OF UNDERSTANDING:

• I beg your pardon. 
• I beg your pardon, but I don't quite understand. 
• I'm not quite sure I know what you mean. 
• I'm not quite sure I follow you.
• I don't quite see what you mean. 
• I'm not sure I got your point.
• Sorry, I didn't quite hear what you said. 
• Sorry, I didn't get your points.

3. ASK FOR CLARIFICATION:

• WHAT you mean by...?
• Do you mean ...?
• Could you say that again, please?
• Could you clarify that, please?
• Could you repeat please?
• Would you elaborate on that, please?
• Could you be more explicit?
• Could you explain what you mean by...?
• Could you give us an example?

4. RESPONDING;

• Let me say that again. 
• Let me say that differently. 
• Let me say it in other words. 
• Well, I'll explain more.
• Let me give you more examples.

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UNIT OF CULTURE

1. WHAT IS CULTURE?

    CULTURE is the caracteristics and knowledge of a particular group of people such as:

• Language.  
• History. 
• Religion. 
• Clothes. 
• Traditions.
• Celebrations.
• Food.
• Drink. 
• Greetings.
• Arts.

2. CULTURAL ISSUES:

• Cultural shock.
• Homesickness.
• Misunderstanding. 
• Discrimination. 

3. CULTURAL VALUES:

• Peace. 
• Love.
• Tolerance. 
• Justice.
• Hospitality. 
• Cooperation. 
• Initiative. 
• Citizenship. 
• Sacrifice. 

4. SOME COLLOCATION:

• Cultural heritage. 
• Artistic offence.
• Culture shock. 
• Table manner.
• Melting pot.
• Deeply rooted. 

5. SOME DEFINITION:

• STEREOTYPE: a generalization about the traits or characteristics of all members of a particular group. 
• ASSIMILATION: state of becoming part of another social group-absorption.
• PREJUDICE: quality of accepting others opinions and beliefs even if they are different from yours.
• BIGOTRY: the fact of holding strongly to a belief or opinion in defiance of reason or argument.

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GERUND & INFINITIVE

1.  What is Gerund?

A gerund is a verb in its ing (present participle) form that functions as a noun that names an activity rather th
an a person or thing. Any action verb can be made into a gerund.
Gerund = verb + ing

• We use the gerund after these verbs:
Admit : he admitted having made the mistake.

Avoid : they avoid going on holiday on Saturdays.

Dislike : we dislike reading poems.

Consider : Ralph is considering* buying a new house.

Enjoy : i enjoy playing chess.

Finish : They finished working on their project.

Regret : Do you regret having mentioned it ?
• Gerund after adjective + preposition
- The boss is angry about delaying that delivery.

- Our company is interested in importing that product from your country.

- Travellers are tired of waiting for the bus.

• Gerund after noun + preposition

- You have the chance of winning this nice car.

- The reason for postponing the meeting is unknown.

• Gerund after verb + preposition

- Our supplier apologised for delaying our order.

- Our travel agency concentrates on having more tourists from various countries.

- I feel like drinking a cup of tea.

2. What is Infinitive?

An infinitive is a verb form that acts as other parts of speech in a sentence. It is formed with to + base form of the verb. Ex: to buy, to work.
Infinitive = to + verb
• We use the infinitive with ‘to’ with certain verbs such as:

Agree : Tom agreed to travel with us.

Ask : Our teacher asked us to clean the classroom.

Consent :i don’t think your parents will consent to let you go
there.

Expect : I expect you to succeed in your exam.

Manage : Barbara managed to get another interesting job.

Plan : i plan to start my own business in this beautiful city.

Promise : They promised to help us.

• Verbs followed by infinitives without to
Modals:
• must.
• Could.
• Can.
• Might.
• May.
• Should.
• Have to.
• Would.
Let's/ let/ recommend...

3. We use the gerund or the infinitive after these verbs:
Began:
• he began reading.
• He began to read.
Continue:
• they continued talking.
• They continued to talk.

Hate:
• do you hate working on saturdays?
• Do you hate to work on saturdays?

Like:
• I like swimming.
• I like to swim.
Love:
• she loves painting.
• She loves to paint.

Prefer:
• Pat prefers walking home.
• Pat prefers to walk home.

Start:
• They start singing.
• They start to sing.

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EDUCATION

1. DEFINITION:

     Education is a set of ethical values ​​derived from religious norms and social customs, which contribute to directing the behavior of individuals within their society, also known as: influences that affect individuals, within their environment, and are divided into family and the periphery.
2. Types of Education:

• Formal education :

       Learning that happens in an educational.           institution and evaluated through a degree.       ✔ School (university/college...)  

      ✔ Administration.

      ✔ Lessons.

      ✔ Programme.

• Non-Formal education :

       Learning through programme like formal.       education but no certificate.
        ✔ School like sitting.
       ✔ Literacy classes.
       ✔ Youth house activities.
      ✔ Evening classes.
      ✔ Work-shop.

• Informal  education :

        Learning resulting from our daily life. 

          ✔ Daily activities.

         ✔ Work place.

         ✔ Family.

        ✔ Daily interaction.

        ✔ Media

        ✔ Experience.

        ✔ Friends.

        ✔ Culture.
 2. COLLOCATION:
       A collocation is two or more words that           often go together.

•     Educational ( system / background / goals) 
•     Private (school / institution / lessons ) 
•     Mixed ( classes) 
•     Governmental ( organizations / support )  
•     School ( subject / uniform / bus / report / magazin / fees ) 
•     Public (school)

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Linking words/Connectors

Definition:
Linking word is a word which shows a connection between clauses (subject whit verb) or sentences (group of phrases).
Here’s a list of the most common linking words and phrases:

1. Addition:

• And 
• Also
• Moreover 
• In addition 
• Besides 
• As well as 
• Further more 
• After that
• Along with 

Not only....but also

 2.Contrast:

• But
• In spite of 
• Despite 
• Unliely 
• However 
• Although.

 3.Cause&effect:

• Because 
• Due to 
• Since 
• Because of
• Consequently 
• As a result
• One cause of 
• The reason for 
• One effect of 
• Therefore

 4.Example:

• For example 
• For instance 
• Like 
• Such as

 5.Conclusion:

• In conclusion 
• Finally 
• All in all
• In short
• To sum up 
• Ultimately 

6.Definition:

• Is
• Can be defined as 
• Refers to 
• Is considered as
• Means....

➡️At beginning of a sentence: in addition, furthermore, moreover, however, nevertheless, on the one hand, on the other hand. 

➡️Either at the beginning or in the middle: despite, in spite of, although, even though. 

➡️Only in the middle of a sentence: and, but, also, as well as.

Fore more expressions, examples and detailed explanations download the lesson CLICK HERE :

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Making requests

• Dialogue 1:

Sara: Hi Jim!!
Jim: Hi Sara
Sara: Can you help me in my physics homework.
Jim: YES, with pleasure. 

• Dialogue 2:

Jean: I wonder if it is possible of you to go shopping with me this evening?

Stephen: YES, of course. 

• Dialogue 3:

A: Markie, where are you at?

B: I am in playground Mom.

A: Could you please buy me a coke?

B: I'm sorry I can't. 

A: Why???

B: I'm playing here.

Expression Making requests:

• Could you.....please?
• Do you think you could....?
• Do you mind if ......?
• Would you please...?
• Do you think it would be possible to...?
• Have you the time to...?
• Would you mind...?
• Can you...?

Accepting request:

• Sure.
• Yes of course. 
• With pleasure. 
• Sure I don't worry. 
• No problem. 

Refusing to request:

• Oh !!! Sorry I can't. 
• Certainly not. 
• I just can't, I am sorry. 

Be careful:

Would you mind/Do you mind + gerund(verb+ing). 

I don't mind is a positive response. 

Yes is a negative response. 

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SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

The simple present is a verb tense with two main uses. We use the simple present tense when an action is happening right now, or when it happens regularly (or unceasingly, which is why it’s sometimes called present indefinite). 

How do we form the Simple Present?

We use the infinitive of the verb. In the 3rd person singular (he, she, it - or a name) we put an -s to the end of the infinitive.

infinitive → 3rd person singular (he, she, it) infinitive + -s

Examples of the Simple Present Tense

The simple present tense is used:

(1) To describe facts and habits:

• I like chocolate. (Fact)
• Angela runs a youth club full of glue-sniffers. (Fact)
• I ride horses in the summer. (Fact and habit)
• It always snows here in January. (Fact and habit)
• Dawn plays chess in the evenings. (Fact and habit)

This type of sentence, especially if it's describing a habit, will usually include a time expression like always, every year, never, often, on Mondays, rarely, sometimes, or usually.

(2) To describe scheduled events in the future

• The train gets in at 5 o'clock.
• It is low tide at 0234.

(3) To tell stories (particularly jokes) to make your listener or reader feel more engaged with the story.

• A horse walks into a bar, and the barman says, "why the long face?"
(Compare to: A horse walked into a bar, and the barman said, "why the long face?")
• We heard the helicopter overhead. Suddenly, the radio bursts into life.

The Negative Version

To create a negative sentence, use "do not" + [base form of the verb]. (Use "does not" with third person singular (he / she / it).) For example:

• I do not like chocolate.
• Angela does not run a youth club full of glue-sniffers.
• I do not ride horses in the summer.
• It does not always snow here in January.
• Dawn does not play chess in the evenings.

Be careful! The simple present is not used to express actions happening now.

Present Simple Questions

That's the way how to form Questions. The question word (what, ...) always comes first!

Questions with am - is -are - can - must - have got

Are they happy?	Where are the children?
Is she a nice girl?	What is the time?
Can you swim?	What can you draw?
Have you got a dog?	How many stickers have you got?

Questions with verbs - do, does

Do the boys play football?	Where do the boys play?
Do you like ice cream?	What do you like?
Do they like coffee?	What do they like for breakfast?
With he, she, it - does
Does she like hamburgers?	What does she like?
Does Carol play the guitar?	Where does Carol live?
Does an elephant eat nuts?	What does an elephant eat?

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